WADA has revealed details of the projects, approved by its Executive Committee earlier this year.

The list includes tier-one schemes led by Australia and Canada, as well as tier-two projects in Germany, Russia, Malawi, Britain and France.

WADA said it was now able to move forward with the initiatives following ethics checks and after reaching agreements with researchers.

"WADA congratulates the project applicants that were successful in being granted funding as part of our 2021 social science research grant programme," said WADA director general Olivier Niggli. 

"We look forward to the research outcomes. 

"Ultimately, WADA’s goal is to invest in impactful research that increases our understanding of the behaviours we are seeking to reinforce or prevent vis-à-vis doping in sport. 

"With this, we improve WADA’s ability, and the global anti-doping community’s capability, to develop effective policies and practices that enhance the sporting experience for all."

The projects have been given funding under a revised process.

"This is also the highest number of projects to ever be funded by WADA in a single annual cycle of the social science research grant programme, the most countries that will receive funding, and the largest total sum of money awarded at $475,000," said WADA director of education Amanda Hudson.