The distressing attempt by Jim Peters, the world record holder and race leader by 17 minutes, to finish the marathon at the 1954 Commonwealth Games in Vancouver was one of the most gruesome sights ever seen in a sports stadium. 

He failed, nearly died, and never ran again. The biggest broadcast audience for a single sporting event tuned in, by radio or television, for the "Mile of the Century", a showdown between the only two men who had broken the four-minute barrier, England's Roger Bannister and Australia's John Landy. 

For the first time, the United States showed live television coverage of a sporting contest with no Americans in it.

Soon after Bannister's famous victory, in which both men ran inside four minutes, the overseas broadcasts ended. The global audience missed the sickening end to the marathon.

The race had been run in punishing heat which was 28 degrees at the start. Three Australians dropped out early and failed to finish, along with seven others in a field of 16. 

The eventual winner, Scotland's Joe McGhee, was left behind by Peters and his great friend and team-mate Stan Cox at around 10 miles.

Peters, a tough working-class Londoner and one of the great marathon runners of the 20th century, had no idea he was so far ahead when he came to the last half-mile. 

He was 17 minutes clear of McGhee, yet he thought Cox was his nearest pursuer a few hundred yards away. Instead, Cox was on his way to hospital, a victim of the heat.

Peters had taken no water during the race for fear that it would cause diarrhoea. He remembered falling over on the track once, then his mind went blank until he came round in hospital. He fell 12 times in all inside the stadium.

The Guardian’s man on the spot, Frank Keating, wrote of the "grotesquely hideous ballet" that nearly killed Peters.

His head rolled from side to side as he gasped for breath, and he fell to the track with a lap still to go. 

For a full two minutes he lay motionless. A hush fell on the horrified crowd. Police and doctors gathered round, knowing that to help him meant his disqualification. 

Other events came to a halt and the athletes saw the gallant Peters climb unsteadily to his feet. He tried to run on but almost immediately he was down again. The courage which had driven Peters brought him to his feet. From side to side of the track he reeled in his agony. Down again and then up. A few anguished paces and down again.

Fifteen minutes after he entered the stadium, he had covered only 150 yards. At last he crossed what he thought was the finishing line. Mick Mays, the English masseur, wrapped his arms around the exhausted runner and carried him from the track. 

Mays, too, had mistaken the finishing line. There was still 220 yards to go. Six doctors, including Bannister, crowded round the disqualified Peters, and he was given oxygen. Peters, his skin a deathly mottled grey and a collar of foam streaming from his mouth, was borne away on a stretcher.

The Daily Express said more than 20 women fainted.

Bannister was a doctor - he later became a prominent neurologist - and was on hand to help Peters at trackside and, over the next few days, during his recovery in hospital.  

Peters was unconscious for three hours, in hospital for several days and was in his own words "lucky not to die" as a result of the race. Bannister travelled back to England with him.

"Roger Bannister told me it was a miracle I'd survived," Peters said later. "I must have been dehydrated for miles." 

Reports at the time blamed heatstroke, but a more recent investigation of all the medical records suggested hyperthermia-induced fatigue and heat-induced brain damage might have been the cause.

Peters did not realise he had mistaken the finish line until the next day.

At the age of 35, Peters held the world record right through to the next Commonwealth Games in Cardiff, but on doctors' orders he never raced again after that fateful afternoon on Saturday August 7, 1954.

He was sent a special gold medal by the Duke of Edinburgh "as a token of admiration for a most gallant marathon runner". Peters ran a successful optician's business until his retirement. He suffered giddiness and his "Vancouver headache" until his death in 1999.

The "triumph and disaster" of Bannister and Peters made it without question the most remarkable single session of athletics in the history of the Commonwealth Games.

It all started in the week of her 19th birthday, before she had even worn her Northern Ireland kit for the first time. 

"I met some of the Australians who came to compete in Belfast before the 1958 Games in Cardiff," said Peters a few years ago. "We're still good friends 60 years later."

One of those friends, Marlene Mathews, won the 100 and 220 yards double in Cardiff. Peters finished unplaced in the shot and high jump, and sixth in the sprint relay on her international debut.

"I was deliriously happy just to be there," said Peters, who regarded the trip as "a super, exciting holiday" and spent one of her evenings riding the dodgems and eating candyfloss with a group of boxers at nearby Barry Island.

"Every moment was a joy." 

By the time she made her fifth and final appearance at the Commonwealth Games 16 years later, in Christchurch, Peters was an Olympic champion and one of the all-time greats of British athletics, revered on both sides of the sectarian divide in Northern Ireland. 

She desperately wanted to win, having already announced that the 1974 Games would be her farewell. She was determined to enjoy herself, too.

Peters flew out early with Mike Bull, the decathlete, via pre-Games training in California. "I have very warm memories of Christchurch," she said.

"I'll always remember the end-of-Games athletes' parade. I persuaded the biggest man in the Village, a Canadian shot-putter, to carry me round on his shoulders. And he curtsied when he passed the royal box."

That was quite a sight as the carrier, Bruce Pirnie, stood at 6ft 7in tall and weighed 22 stone before he added Peters to the equation.

It was a case of "mission accomplished" for Peters and Bull. They had both been coached by Buster McShane, owner of the gym where Mary worked in Belfast, who had died in a car crash 10 months earlier. They both wanted to win for him.

Bull won the decathlon and Peters triumphed in dramatic style, just as she had done in Edinburgh four years earlier. In 1970 it was victory in the final event, the 200 metres, that held off the challenge of Ann Wilson of England. 

It was even closer in Christchurch, with the Olympic champion under threat from Modupe Oshikoya, a Nigerian who, at 20, was 14 years younger than Peters. This time Peters had to finish within one second of Oshikoya in the 200m, and she did it with 15 hundredths to spare.

The low point for Peters had also come at the Commonwealth Games, in Kingston in 1966. There was no pentathlon until 1970 and Peters was beaten in the shot, her only event, and one in which she won another gold in Edinburgh. She felt that had been a wasted year and said: "I was furious with myself. I should have won it."

There were many triumphs to come though, not just on the athletics track. Peters' work in athletics and in the community during three decades of The Troubles in Northern Ireland led to her being awarded an MBE and a CBE before she was made a Dame of the British Empire.

A local athletics track is named after her, she is Lord Lieutenant of Belfast, and she played a leading role in the London 2012 Olympic Games Opening Ceremony.

There might be more to come, too, because Toua is still going strong and will be lifting at Birmingham 2022 at the age of 38, with no plans to retire.

"I don't know when I will stop," she said. "Weightlifting is in my blood. I don't know if they can get rid of me."

Toua is a hero in Papua New Guinea, where she was her nation's first ever female weightlifter, and is an all-round legend within the sport.

She was the first to make a lift when women's weightlifting was added to the Olympic programme in 2000, when she was 16. She is the first female to have competed in the Olympic Games five times, and the first to take part in Olympic Games 20 years apart.

In the Commonwealth Games, Toua was upgraded from silver to gold in the 53 kilograms category at Glasgow 2014 on a doping disqualification. She was presented with her medal at a unique ceremony held in the Athletes' Village after the amended result was confirmed.

That was arguably her most remarkable success, not because it was achieved with a career-best total of 193kg, but because it came only a year after Toua was nearly killed by tuberculosis.

"It's horrible winning by disqualification, it's not fair as I don't get to experience the medal ceremony on the podium," said Toua. "It just isn't the same if you don't have everyone there in the arena watching you on top of the dais."

Looking at the bigger picture, though, Toua is happy to have been there at all. Less than 12 months earlier, after winning the Oceania title in Brisbane, she had returned to the Oceania Weightlifting Institute in New Caledonia feeling ill.

She was unable to train, was admitted to hospital and learned she had tuberculosis, which is rife in Papua New Guinea and kills thousands there every year.

She was lucky to be in Noumea, which then was home to the Oceania Institute. "They were able to diagnose the disease and they happened to have the right medicine, which had just been introduced at that time," she said.

Toua reached a low point during two weeks in isolation.

"When I was in hospital I sort of gave up on weightlifting," she said. "I guess that was the worst time for me. I said to myself when I get back to the Institute I might as well pack up and go back home."

But her long-time coach Paul Coffa - with whom she has been training in Melbourne, the Institute's new home city, in preparation for Birmingham 2022 – gave her a hug, told her everything would be fine and said she needed to start training again a day after her discharge from hospital.

"I couldn't bend my knees, I couldn't even squat 50kg, that's how hard it was during that period," she said. "But I fought my way back and I went to the Commonwealth Championships in Malaysia."

She then went on to win that gold medal when a Nigerian teenager was disqualified after testing positive in Glasgow.

Toua had won silver at 53kg on her first appearance at the Commonwealth Games, at Melbourne 2006, and missed Delhi 2010 as she was about to become a mother for the second time.

Toua was second again at Gold Coast 2018 but, said Coffa, she should have won there too.

The Indian who finished ahead of her, Sanjita Chanu, had tested positive at the World Championships a year earlier but was allowed to compete because of "an administrative error".

"That left a bad taste," said Coffa. "She should never have been there."

Now Toua, who is third in the rankings in the new weight category of 49kg, is aiming for another medal in Birmingham, and her many fans back in Papua New Guinea will be following her exploits on television.

"She's a sporting icon and role model here," said Sir John Dwanincura, President of PNG's National Olympic Committee and its Weightlifting Federation.

Dika's local fame means she spends a lot of time in the house when she is back in Hanuabada, a coastal village near the capital, Port Moresby.

"I hardly go anywhere - because everywhere I go I get mobbed, by kids and even by adults," Dika said.

"In a good way, of course - I think everybody loves me!"

In January 1998, Thorpe had become the youngest ever swimmer to win a World Championships gold medal when he sensationally beat his fellow Australian Grant Hackett in the 400 metres freestyle in Perth, Western Australia, aged 15 years and three months.

Thorpe was four weeks short of his 16th birthday when he won four Commonwealth Games gold medals that September, all in freestyle races, to complete a remarkable year.

His phenomenal ability was so well-known in Australia that even before that Commonwealth Games performance he drew a stream of accolades from coaches and swimming legends.

It all helped him to earn several lucrative sponsorship deals before he was 16, and Thorpe made sure that one of those deals, with the airline Qantas, would help him to make the Kuala Lumpur Games special for his young friend Michael Williams too - despite the fact that Michael had just undergone chemotherapy.

Thorpe, helped by his agent, organised for Qantas to fly Michael and his family to Malaysia so he could cheer on his friend and hero.

The two boys played computer games, watched films together, and had a special bond. It was Michael's time in hospital - where he underwent six months of treatment before eventually recovering - that helped Thorpe to overcome a malaise of his own before he started breaking world records and winning a stream of gold medals at the Olympic Games, World Championships and Commonwealth Games.

Michael, whose elder brother David would marry Thorpe's sister Christina, had been close to death when he was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma at the age of 13.

A large tumour was removed from his gut, and he was on life support when Thorpe first visited him in hospital.

At that time Thorpe had lost his keenness for swimming. He felt unmotivated and wondered whether the 4.30am starts were really worth it. As he revealed years later, Thorpe struggled with depression throughout his teenage years.

Seeing Michael in hospital changed Thorpe. "I came to realise what was wrong, that my talent was a gift and that I'd started questioning it, expecting too much of it," he would say later.

"What I saw because of Michael was how precious life is, how important it is to love what you do, every day. It changed my life, opened my eyes to the world. When I was feeling in pain in workouts I'd start thinking 'this is nothing. Michael's feeling much more.'"

Thorpe would visit sick children in other wards too. 

Not only did he set up Michael's all-expenses-paid trip to Kuala Lumpur, he arranged for some of the biggest names in Australian sport to visit Michael too. This included Kieren Perkins and Dawn Fraser from swimming, the Waugh brothers from cricket and David Campese from rugby union.

When, in 1999, Thorpe won a AUD$16,000 bonus for breaking a world record, he donated it to children's cancer research and a youth crisis prevention programme.

By the time of his second and last Commonwealth Games appearance, in Manchester in 2002, Thorpe was a triple Olympic champion.

He won a remarkable six gold medals in Manchester, the 100m, 200m and 400m freestyle and three relays, and was second in the 100m backstroke.

But the mental health issues returned, and in the build-up to Melbourne 2006, Thorpe was drained and unable to compete. He withdrew a week before the start, and announced his retirement from swimming later that year at the age of 24.

In interviews within the past two years, he has said he regrets that decision but he had been unable to cope with the pressure and expectations heaped on him.

He later needed treatment for alcohol abuse, but, like Michael, he eventually recovered.

In an interview in 2020, Thorpe said: "I only ever aspired to be content in what I was doing, and then there was a point where I realised - 'you know what, I'm actually happy'.

"I can still experience the emotions and the elation that I'm so happy in my own skin."

The arch enemies set world records, won Olympic and Commonwealth titles and left the previously dominant Americans in their wake. But after being beaten at his favoured distance for the first time in his life, Davis, the brash Canadian with a maple leaf tattoo on his chest, found a new respect for Englishman Moorhouse. They had a beer. They talked. They soon became close friends.

That is how it stayed until tragedy struck. Davis, with so much to look forward to after retiring from swimming, was killed by a hit-and-run driver after an argument at a nightclub. He was 25. The man who killed him, Glen Crossley, served only four months but was behind bars again in 2020 when he pleaded guilty to manslaughter after an altercation with a drunken 70-year-old man in a bar. The man died.

Moorhouse struggled to cope with Davis' death. The day after the swimming programme ended at the Auckland 1990 Commonwealth Games, he joined eight others on a boat that crossed Auckland Harbour to cast Davis's ashes into the sea.

"That ceremony on the boat gave me some closure," said Moorhouse. "The last time I had seen Victor was at the Seoul Olympics in 1988. He was feeling low because he had just finished fourth and I had won the gold, a reversal of the placings in the 1984 Olympics. I said to him, 'It’s all about the journey, not just this one race'. On that boat in Auckland, I remembered that conversation. Victor had one heck of a journey."

When Davis was still at junior school he was labelled "a hyperactive kid from a broken home". He was brought up in a tough district by his father Mel, with whom he always had a very strong relationship.

He was the bad boy of Canadian sport, and was castigated by the media. At the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Davis defeated Moorhouse to take the 100 metres breaststroke gold and insulted the Englishman after the race.

"I knew it must have been slow down the second half because Moorhouse was still with me," he told reporters, while Moorhouse was sitting next to him. Moorhouse responded by winning the 200m. Davis, the Olympic champion and world record holder, had never been beaten at that distance.

Davis got the message. Here was a rival who deserved respect. Over the next few months the two became drinking buddies and, eventually, close friends.

Davis grew up in Guelph, Ontario, less than 30 miles from the Commonwealth Games birthplace in Hamilton. His grandfather had been a boxer who coached Canada's 1924 Olympic team. 

He trained for five hours a day through his teenage years, and at 16 he won his first major title in Auckland in 1981, in the Pan Pacifics. He fell in love with the place, which is why his ashes were strewn there.

A year later he won 200m gold in a world record time at the World Championships in Ecuador, and later the same year he went to the Brisbane Commonwealth Games expecting three golds. He won only one after Moorhouse beat him at 100m and the medley relay team was disqualified, leading to a temper tantrum by Davis at poolside.

By the time of the next Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Davis had won Olympic gold in 1984 in Los Angeles, where Moorhouse underperformed.

By 1986 Moorhouse was world number one at 100m, and before the Commonwealth Games the press labelled Moorhouse and Davis "the Coe and Ovett of the pool".

Moorhouse's favoured distance, the 100m, was first up. He lost, then had to listen to Davis's 'I knew it was slow' comment. Three days later, Moorhouse sensationally beat Davis at 200m.

Dave Stubbs, the Canadian team's media man, said: "At the press conference Victor offered no excuses, he congratulated the winner. A once poor loser had matured."

At Auckland 1990 Moorhouse, who became the first man to swim the 100m breaststroke inside a minute in 1987 and won Olympic gold in 1988, won yet another Commonwealth gold.

"It was the first time I'd raced in a Commonwealth Games without Victor, but he still had an impact on my time there," said Moorhouse, who retired to go into business and broadcasting in 1992.

Mel Davis was pleased when Stubbs suggested taking his son's ashes to Auckland, and spoke fondly of Victor’s final journey. "Dave Stubbs got upgraded on the plane over there, and he said 'well I'll leave Victor up in first class and I'll go to the back of the plane', so Victor’s ashes travelled in style. Victor would have liked that."

Boyle was given a huge ovation by the crowd of 35,000 as she made a lap of honour after winning the last individual race of her career at the age of 31. It was her seventh Commonwealth Games gold medal.

"It's not the high point of my career but it's a great way to go out," said Boyle, who had carried the baton at the Games' Opening Ceremony.

"I won't be going on - there's no point."

Boyle, who became the first Australian woman to carry the flag at the Olympic Games Opening Ceremony at Montreal 1976, is one of her nation's all-time great athletes and her fun-loving, anti-establishment attitude made her one of Australia's most popular sportswomen.

Her well publicised battles against cancer have only added to her popularity throughout the 21st century.

Boyle never won an Olympic gold but given her record of three silvers, and what the world now knows about state-sponsored doping in East Germany, she is widely regarded as the best "clean" female sprinter of the 1970s.

When she was named Australia's 39th "Legend of Sport" in 2017, Boyle became the first woman to win that honour without having won Olympic gold.

"I saw the ugly side of sport, we all see it all the time," she said at the time. "I don't want to see the ugliness of cheating. Good, honest performances are the most important thing."

She also learned a lot from sport to help her through difficult times in her later life.

Over a period of 20 years Boyle was twice diagnosed with ovarian cancer and once with breast cancer. Throughout that time she travelled the country to raise both money and awareness to help others with cancer.

"A lot of stuff I learned as an athlete has helped," she said. "There have been hard times and you have to deal with it, which is easier said than done.

"Depression comes into play and all sorts of stuff, but you get through it. And you find yourself in a position to do a lot of good for people."

Boyle was only 16 when she won the first of her Olympic silver medals at Mexico City in 1968, over 200m. The great Jesse Owens was watching and said: "I have not seen a girl so beautifully balanced."

The renowned Australian sports writer Harry Gordon summed up Boyle's personality in 2004 when he wrote: "Balanced she was on the track, but there were some rough edges to the youthful Raelene - some of them uncannily reminiscent of the early Dawn Fraser (the great swimmer who was often in trouble with the authorities).

"As a little girl, she hated wearing dresses, loved beating up boys, knocked around with her brothers…and swiftly learned to swear with flair. She was a natural non-conformist with a stubborn streak, and she quickly developed an aversion to over-zealous administrators."

Boyle might have won even more Commonwealth Games golds but for an injury that forced her to withdraw from the Edmonton 1978 Games after she had finished second in the 100m.

She missed the Moscow 1980 Olympic Games, withdrawing from the team under pressure as the Australian Government tried to impose a boycott.

Her international career seemed all but over but she set herself the target of going out with a farewell victory in Brisbane, and went up to 400m for the first time to do it. She did it in style.

The biggest hero for the home crowds was, by some distance, Liz Lynch - later to become Liz McColgan - who was on the dole when she won the women's 10,000 metres race - Scotland's only gold medal in athletics.

The undisputed champion of headline-making at Edinburgh 1986 was none of those medallists, though. It was Robert Maxwell, a Jewish Czech war hero whose mother died in Auschwitz; a self-educated son of a peasant farmer who spoke 10 languages.

He made a fortune from publishing, allegedly helped along by Britain's secret service, and was an MP for six years. 

But he was "not a person to be relied upon" according to the Department of Trade, which investigated his dealings. He owned the world's largest scientific and educational publishing company, two football clubs, Mirror Group Newspapers and a massive ego.

These were the most bizarre, most troubled Commonwealth Games ever staged. A few weeks before the Opening Ceremony there had been talk of cancellation because of a boycott led by African countries. They were furious that Britain refused to impose hard-line economic sanctions against South Africa during the apartheid era.

With five weeks to go to the Opening Ceremony, Mirror Group became the main backers and Maxwell took over as chairman of the company running the Games.

Maxwell himself said he was "the saviour". He hinted as much to The Queen when he was introduced to her in Edinburgh by his personal photographer and aide Mike Maloney, who had been on many royal assignments. 

Maxwell presented The Queen with a gift of a set of coins in a magnificent display box and said: "Permit me to present you with a token of this great event that I have orchestrated."

People were still arguing about Maxwell's role nearly three years later when the last of the bills was finally paid, although not by him. A couple of years after that he was dead, his name blackened forever. 

In November 1991 Maxwell - whose daughter Ghislaine was found guilty in the United States for her role in the Jeffrey Epstein sex trafficking scandal - went overboard from his private yacht in the Mediterranean. He had fraudulently misspent hundreds of millions of pounds from his employees' pension funds.

Without his efforts in 1986, though, the Edinburgh Games would have been an embarrassment that Scotland, Britain and the Commonwealth Games Federation might never have lived down.

Maxwell liked to do things differently. On one occasion he invited a number of VIPs and their partners to dinner at his private suite. He served them Kentucky Fried Chicken straight from the bucket.

At another function he introduced his friend Ryoichi Sasakawa to the press. He announced the Japanese businessman, who pumped in millions, as a multi-millionaire philanthropist who had "single-handedly funded the eradication of leprosy". 

That claim was strange enough, given that more than 200,000 were still suffering from the disease a quarter-of-a-century later, but Sasakawa left reporters even more dumbfounded when he told them that he was 27-years-old and would live to the age of 200. He was 87 at the time.

Why did Maxwell get involved? Maloney believes that somebody made a speculative suggestion to him about backing the Games, and he suddenly saw a great opportunity. "He thought he could be the saviour, and he was," said Maloney, who was with Maxwell for his six-week involvement in Edinburgh.

The boycott led to 32 teams and nearly 1,500 athletes staying away.

One of Maxwell's first pronouncements after taking over was that the early preparations had been "appallingly amateurish". He made an immediate impact, putting newspaper owners and editors on media committees in London and Edinburgh to ensure favourable coverage.

He gained millions of pounds worth of positive publicity. Logos for the Mirror and its Scottish sister paper, the Record, were everywhere. Officially the Games' main sponsors were Guinness. In reality it appeared to be Mirror Group.

The accountants Coopers and Lybrand totted up all that exposure and put a value on it: £4.3 million. By the final reckoning Maxwell had not even paid £300,000, and the Games ended up £3.8 million in debt. Local councils ended up paying most of it, not Maxwell and his companies.

"He got worldwide publicity, which was his main aim," said Maloney. "Even so, he was the saviour of the Games, and he loved it."

Jones caught the attention of Dawn Fraser, arguably Australia's greatest female swimmer, when she was 14. At 15, she claimed a silver medal at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games.

Her first individual gold medals on a major international stage came at Manchester 2002, and by the time she finished her last Commonwealth Games race in Delhi in 2010, Jones had amassed 10 gold medals.

She made Commonwealth Games history by becoming the first woman to win all three breaststroke golds at 50 metres, 100m and 200m in the Melbourne 2006 Games, and won the 100m and 200m at both Manchester and Delhi.

When she won the 100m in Melbourne to complete the sweep of the individual titles, she did it in 1min 05.09sec – beating her own world record, which she had set at the same pool in the trials.

Jones thanked the home fans for their support. When she turned she was nearly half a second slower than world-record pace but she made up the time.

"I am in absolute shock," she said. "I was dying a fair bit in every stroke I was pulling, and they were getting louder and louder - the crowd has a lot to do with it."

While she was setting world records and winning all these medals - three Olympic golds, seven World Championship titles and a host of other podium visits as well as her Commonwealth Games haul - Jones went through difficult times.

She spoke about it after writing her biography, Body Lengths, in 2015, when her revelations caused a stir.

Jones suffered with depression and said she had been close to suicide. "I didn't have enough balance in my life," she said.

She had given her whole life to swimming, had been the victim of body shaming when an Australian newspaper said she was "fat" during the London 2012 Olympic Games, and told how she had found herself sitting in a hotel bathroom in Spain in 2011 with a box of sleeping tablets, planning to take her own life. Her coach found her before she took any pills.

"Whenever I have to stand on the pool deck in my togs, listening to my body being discussed like it's an engine and not the arms, legs, thighs and stomach of a teenage girl, I am self-conscious and miserable," she wrote in Body Lengths.

"I wanted to go into full depth because I wanted people to realise that it can be really dark. I wanted people to feel like they weren't alone, that sports people can go through these things as well and can still be going through a really hard time."

Her sports psychologist became the most important person in her life and Jones, who retired after the London Olympics, campaigned for better awareness of mental health problems within sport, as well as more funding to help young people improve their mental wellbeing through sport.

She hosted Australian television coverage of the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games and has had a successful career in the media since her retirement from the pool.

When she made her first appearance in the then Empire Games in 1938, Tyler, competing for England under her pre-marriage name of Odam, had already won an Olympic medal in front of a crowd of 80,000 - and had met Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels.

By the time her career in athletics ended she had set a high jump world record and had become a renowned coach – the first woman to gain the qualifications to coach men.

Tyler was 16 when she travelled to Berlin for the 1936 Olympic Games, where she finished second in the high jump to become the first female British athlete to win an individual Olympic medal.

At 17 she went to Sydney in 1938 and won her first major title at the Empire Games. She was England's only female gold medallist at those Games.

In Berlin, Tyler had met Hitler at a lavish function for female competitors and later recalled him as "a small man in a large uniform - I felt I wanted to slap him". Goebbels was "a bit of a womaniser".

Tyler, who married fellow athlete Dick Tyler when she was 20, was a lorry driver at the RAF base of 617 Squadron, the Dambusters, during the Second World War.

When it ended she made a successful return to athletics and won another Olympic silver medal at the London 1948 Games, and a second Empire Games gold in Auckland in 1950, 12 years after the first. She was captain of the England team in Auckland.

It might have been three but Tyler was beaten into second place in the Vancouver 1954 Empire and Commonwealth Games by Thelma Hopkins, who was an Olympic silver medallist in Melbourne in 1956.

In all three of her Empire Games appearances, Tyler finished on 5ft 3in (1.6m).

Her world record of 1.66m was set at a domestic meeting in Brentwood, Essex in 1939 but it was not ratified until 1957, the year she retired from competition aged 37.

The world record at the time was 1.67m, held by the German Dora Ratjen, who had finished two places behind Tyler at the 1936 Olympic Games.

Ratjen was in fact a man. The Nazis were said to have known, but they selected Ratjen to avoid having to choose another contender for the high jump, who was Jewish.

Ratjen's world record claim was withdrawn by the Germans when his gender became public knowledge in the 1940s, but because of an administrative error in 1946 by the International Amateur Athletics Federation, the withdrawal was not recorded until a review in 1957.

That world record was one of the reasons why, in 1959, Tyler was voted Britain's all-time best female athlete by the athletics statisticians' union.

Tyler also competed, without winning any medals, in the long jump, javelin and sprint hurdles at the Empire Games.

She was an innovative coach who was assisted in training elite athletes by the great ballet dancers Margot Fonteyn and Michael Somes – though she had not had any formal coaching herself until the age of 28 and was a self-taught athlete from her schooldays.

Tyler’s mother had been a dancer, and when Tyler asked Fonteyn and Somes to help out they were pleased to help.

"Ballet gets to your very fingertips, to every muscle in your body," Tyler said.

In 2001, Tyler was appointed MBE. In 2012, two years before her death at 94, she was the official starter for the London Marathon.

It is a significant number in Ottey's remarkably long career and some might say she was unlucky to end up with a bronze medal 13 times at the Olympic Games - where she never won gold - and the World Championships, especially as she was often behind doping-tainted rivals.

There is another 13 among Ottey's magnificent achievements, one that is unlikely to ever to be beaten. She has been Jamaica's sportsperson of the year 13 times.

A 2.4 metre statue of Ottey - known as the Queen of the Track and revered by all the greats of Jamaican sport, including Usain Bolt - was unveiled in 2005 in Kingston's Independence Park.

The Commonwealth Games featured large in Ottey's career, which stretched from 1980 to 2012, a phenomenal length of time for a sprinter.

Her final international appearance was for Slovenia, the nation that gave her citizenship in 2002, four years after she moved there to be coached by Srdan Dordevic. She was 52-years-old when she bowed out. 

Ottey had already made the first of her record-breaking seven Olympic Games appearances (she finished third, of course, in Moscow in 1980) when she won her first gold medal in a major international event in 1982, the 200m at the Brisbane Commonwealth Games.

She won in 22.19sec from Kathy Cook (then Kathy Smallwood), one of the all-time great British female sprinters, who was running for England.

Try as she might throughout the rest of the 1980s, Ottey could not get the better of East German and American champions including Florence Griffith and Marita Koch - and she did not win gold again until eight years later, again at the Commonwealth Games.

This time Ottey did the sprint double, beating Australia's Kerry Johnson in both the 100m and 200m.

Back in third place in both events was Pauline Davis, who would win two Olympic gold medals for The Bahamas at the Sydney Olympic games 10 years later - the sprint relay "live" and the 200m nine years after the event when Marion Jones was stripped of her gold medal for doping.

Ottey's 1990 double in Auckland, and her other efforts in the same year, led to her being named World Athlete of the Year.

Ottey also won silver and bronze medals at the 1982 Commonwealth Games, respectively in the 100m and sprint relay.

Although she took Slovenian citizenship and moved to Europe, Ottey was an ambassador-at-large for Jamaica.

She was the fourth of seven children born to Hubert Ottey, a farmer, and his wife Joan, a midwife.

The whole family liked running but none took it as seriously as Merlene.

"It was not until I was about 14 that it dawned on me that I could have some sort of future in track," she said.

Watching on television as Don Quarrie won gold at the Montreal Olympics in 1976 inspired her, and soon after that her career was off and running.

She put in record-breaking performances on the US college circuit, having been awarded a scholarship in Nebraska, and started racing at elite level in 1979. A year later in Moscow she became the first West Indian woman to win an Olympic medal.

She did eventually win the 200m gold at the World Championships in 1993, and on her return to Jamaica from Stuttgart she was given a memorable welcome by a huge crowd.

But for the first 14 years of her remarkable career the only individual gold medals Ottey won were at the Commonwealth Games.

In 2004, before her final Olympic appearance, she said: "What keeps me going? I just enjoy it. It's got to the point where if I don't run I don’t feel good."

It served Adams so well that in 2002, in his sixth successive appearance for Australia at the Commonwealth Games, he set the record for the most medals won in any sport.

The record, 18 medals, was equalled by another shooter, Mick Gault of England, at the Glasgow 2014 Games but has never been beaten.

"When you're training you feel comfortable, but when there are medals at stake your pulse rate might be 150 to 200, and you want to get it down to 75," said Adams, who won seven golds.

"Bringing it back is the hard thing to learn. To the audience you might appear calm, but inside you're not really.

"I always tried to focus on one aspect at a time - there's mechanical, equipment, physical and mental. At the start, the physical part is most important, being able to hold a gun steadily for a couple of hours.

"As you go higher up the scale it becomes more mental, though overall it's a blend.

"When you're training you feel comfortable, your arousal level reaches a certain point at which you are at your best. You've got to find where that point is, and when you're there, remain calm."

Adams had the rare distinction, in Manchester, of competing after he had tested positive for a banned substance. "That was a very strange case," he said.

An out-of-competition urine sample taken a month before the Games showed the presence of a diuretic, which can be used to mask anabolic steroids.

The diuretic was present in a drug that Adams had long been taking for high blood pressure, and he was cleared to compete by the national and global governing bodies of shooting.

That drug, Avapro, was available in two forms, one legal and one not.

Adams, then 57, was taking the "wrong" one, and had been doing so for two years.

He and his doctor who prescribed it were unaware of the problem, while team officials thought he was on the "right" form of Avapro.

After the Games, Adams was banned for two years by the Australian Olympic Committee, but he won an appeal and had the ban reduced to four weeks.

Adams, who retired from competition after those 2002 Games, is a farmer from Forbes in New South Wales, about 250 miles from Sydney.

After becoming an expert in goat rearing, he travelled the world selling goats, and his own expertise, most profitably in Asia.

He first used a gun in the army cadets at school and took up pistol shooting when a new club was formed in Forbes in 1973.

Within five years he was competing at the World Championships, and he made his debut at the Commonwealth Games in Brisbane in 1982, aged 37.

When Adams started his record-breaking shooting career in Brisbane, one of the sport's more colourful characters was making his exit.

Lord Swansea, a gold medallist for Wales in 1966, was a landowner, like Adams, though he did not have to work hard for it. He was descended from a baronet, inherited an estate of 11,000 acres, and was educated at Eton and Cambridge.

He became one of Britain's foremost freemasons and was an outspoken critic of new gun laws introduced after mass shootings by deranged gunmen in England and Scotland. 

"You cannot legislate for nutters," he famously said.

The City of Manchester Stadium - only 25 miles from Davenham, Radcliffe's birthplace - was full to its 38,000 capacity for the 5,000 metres.

It turned out to be not so much a race as a procession, as Radcliffe breezed into the lead and stayed there.

Since the 1996 Olympic Games, Radcliffe had run from the front many times before on the track, only to be overtaken near the line - usually by an African rival.

She had suffered heartbreak at the Sydney 2000 Olympics when she led for 24 laps in the 10,000m but finished out of the medals when she was passed by three Ethiopians on the final lap.

It was as if the crowd could feel her hurt as they roared her on in Manchester. Radcliffe took the lead on the first lap and kept upping the pace until the last of her challengers, the Kenyan Edith Masai, was broken and fell away.

Radcliffe rounded the final turn on the 12th and last lap 120m clear of her nearest rival, and the crowd cheered her home in a Games record time of 14min 31.42sec.

There were echoes of Edinburgh 1986 and Liz McColgan, another great British distance runner who won gold in her "home" Games, when Radcliffe said: "That was really tough out there but the crowd kept me going and I have to thank them. I have never experienced anything like that."

It was one of many highlights in a golden year for Radcliffe, and it was the only appearance she ever made in the Commonwealth Games.

She claimed the cross-country world title, the London Marathon, set a world record in winning the Chicago Marathon, and won that first track gold in Manchester plus another, the European 10,000m, later in the year. She was also made an MBE.

It all added up to a landslide victory in voting for the BBC Sports Personality of the Year, and helped to make Radcliffe one of Britain's most popular athletes of all time.

When asked about that evening in Manchester 12 years later, when she was commentating at the Glasgow 2014 Games, Radcliffe said: "It was undoubtedly one of the absolute best moments in my career - and it was so much more enjoyable because it was in front of my home fans.

"These major competitions at home come along rarely and if any of the athletes ask me for my thoughts I would just tell them to love every minute of it because it is so unusual.

"The Commonwealth Games was a very momentous occasion. It was a remarkable Games and made all the more memorable because of the enthusiasm of the crowd."

Many of them would have been beaten by Bryant in more than one of the game's four formats - singles, pairs, triples and fours. And all of them were likely to associate a certain smell with their defeats.

That smell was Holland House, the tobacco brand favoured by Bryant, the most famous pipe-smoking sportsman of all time.

He did not always light his pipe, which he used to help him concentrate, but he got through about 50 grams of tobacco every day throughout the 1960s, 70s and 80s.

Bryant might well have gone down in Commonwealth Games history as the first athlete in any sport to win gold in four successive Games but for a quirk in 1966, when bowls was off the programme in Kingston, Jamaica.

He won in Perth in 1962, singles and fours, and also won the singles at Edinburgh 1970, Christchurch 1974 and Edmonton 1978.

Instead, the four-in-a-row achievement was made by one of his friends, the weightlifter Precious McKenzie, who won his first gold in Kingston and, like Bryant, was also a champion in the next three Games.

McKenzie met Bryant during his time in Bristol in the west of England, where the weightlifter worked in a shoe factory for a while.

Bryant, from nearby Clevedon, took up bowls aged seven and won his first national title two years before he became a Commonwealth Games winner for the first time.

One of his great rivals was the Scotsman Wille Wood, who looked back on the 1970s and 1980s and said: "Guys like David Bryant and me, we had the best of the bowls."

Because bowls was often shown live on the BBC, Bryant's fame was assured (partly because of the pipe) and he was awarded an MBE and a CBE, as well as a prestigious sports writers' award.

Bowls went through a sometimes difficult transition to professionalism, in which Bryant played a role as President of the Professional Bowls Association in the 1990s, helping to create the World Bowls Tour.

He was renowned for his never-give-up attitude, his sportsmanship and his sheer brilliance.

His playing partner Tony Allcock once said Bryant "had a uniqueness of inner strength above any individual" in bowls. "He could laugh with the opponent then immediately stand on the mat and deliver an absolute killer of a bowl," he said.

Bryant won six world titles and countless other big competitions, as well as his Commonwealth Games haul. He was also a prolific author on the sport, but he never made enough money to give up his day job as a teacher and, later, sports shop proprietor.

He died in 2020, aged 88. He had put away the pipe nearly 30 years before his death, as The Guardian recalled in quoting Bryant in its obituary of the most famous bowler of them all.

"I was quite a heavy smoker," he said.

"I suppose it became a ritual that gave me time to think. But when I retired from competitive bowls my wife, Ruth, said it was time I gave it up, and so I did."

One was local hero Percy Williams, who had doubled up by winning the 100 metres and 200m for Canada in Amsterdam.

The other was an English aristocrat who would leave his mark on the sporting world both during and after his career on the track.

David George Brownlow Cecil, a descendant of the First Minister of Queen Elizabeth I, was known as Lord Burghley for most of his life. He was also heir to the title of Marquess of Exeter, which he took in 1956.

As Lord Burghley he became one of the top hurdlers in the world and, on the day when Williams became 100m Olympic champion, he won the 400m hurdles.

Because of his aristocratic background, the North American public were taken in too. On his first visit to the United States in 1925, Lord Burghley was "cheered by 20,000 who stood and bared heads as the band played God Save the King" after winning in Philadelphia, the Associated Press reported.

Readers of the Guardian had been told on that first morning of the Empire Games that "Lord Burghley's appearance in the 440 hurdles (the Empire Games used imperial rather than metric distances until 1970) will be the feature of the opening day's racing, as a great deal of publicity has been given to him, and the Canadians will regard it as a great novelty to see the heir of one of Britain's old aristocratic families skipping over the hurdles".

Lord Burghley, educated at Eton, Institut Le Rosey and Magdalene College, Cambridge, would skip his way to victory in the 440 and 120 yards hurdles, and add a third gold medal in the one-lap relay.

"The glamour of his reputation, his performance, and not least his title, captured the local imagination, and he received a whole-hearted ovation," wrote the influential journalist Bevil Rudd, an Olympic gold medallist in 1920.

Rudd said the crowd were "wild with excitement" later in the week for the sprint hurdles final, which he rated as Lord Burghley's greatest performance. 

With three gold medals, Lord Burghley lived up to his billing, while Williams took the 100 yards title but was injured near the finish and did not race again in Hamilton.

After his retirement from the track in the early 1930s, Lord Burghley became one of the most influential administrators in sport before the onset of professionalism. 

He served for 48 years at the International Olympic Committee, for 30 years as President of the International Amateur Athletic Federation, and for 40 as President of the Amateur Athletic Association (AAA). 

The number plate of his Rolls Royce was AAA1, and he was a lifelong campaigner for athletics to remain amateur.

Lord Burghley was the Seb Coe of his time: an Olympic champion, a Conservative MP for a while and chairman of the Organising Committee for the London Olympics, in his case in 1948.

His exploits featured in the film Chariots of Fire, through the fictionalised character Lord Lindsay.

In 1927, during his last year at Cambridge, Lord Burghley caused a sensation by running around the Great Court at Trinity College in the time it took the Trinity Clock to toll 12 o'clock.

Chariots of Fire distorts the real version of events, crediting Harold Abrahams with the achievement. Lord Burghley, who died in 1981, the year the film was released, is said never to have watched it.

So, when Canada hosted another big event two years later, they wanted improvement all round. They got it. Edmonton, Alberta, put on a great show to make the 1978 Commonwealth Games a memorable success.

Only Nigeria stayed away, the Games were within budget, Canada topped the medals table and Edmonton had a very special hometown hero in Graham Smith, the sixth of eight children in a well-known family of swimmers.

The Montreal Gazette summed it up nicely the day after Smith had set an all-time Commonwealth Games record of six gold medals. 

"The script wouldn't be accepted by editors," the newspaper said. "Hometown boy comes back to prove unquestioned superiority in pool named after his father, who died 23 months ago of cancer after launching five of his offspring into international swimming careers."

Graham was the most successful of those five, though not the first to swim his way to Commonwealth gold. His elder brother, George, won two golds and two silvers in 1970. His sister, Susan, added two silvers and a bronze to the Smiths' medal haul in Edinburgh and another sister, Sandra, swam in two finals. 

Mother Gwen was a team official, and the coach who oversaw Canada's success was their father, Don. Graham was watching from the stands as a 12-year-old.

Six years later, Don looked on proudly as Graham won an Olympic silver medal in the 4x100 metres medley relay in Montreal, the closest Canada came to a swimming gold. Graham would not get another chance in the Olympics because of Canada's boycott of the 1980 Games.

Given that he followed his Edmonton successes a few days later with a world record medley victory in the World Championships in Berlin, Smith would have been a strong favourite in Moscow.

"The boycott was very shattering for me," he said, with considerable understatement.

Shortly after the Montreal Games, Smith's father died of cancer. The name W. Donald Smith lived on when Edmonton honoured him by naming the Commonwealth Games swimming venue after him.

The medley relay was the last race of the Games and when Smith and his team-mates won it, he had beaten Decima Norman's 40-year-old record of five golds in one Games. 

He showed his emotion on the podium after his sixth win and said: "The impact of what I had done got to me. The hometown fans, in the pool named after my dad... 

"I probably won't sleep for three days."

Smith, who was himself a successful coach and went on to run a successful business consultancy, had his individual medley gold medal presented by the Queen.

He said: "I really wanted to win that one, and I broke with protocol by raising my other arm while I shook her hand." 

The Queen, who had officially opened both the Montreal Olympics and the Edmonton Games, was not worried about that and she chatted with Smith.

"I can't remember the exact words but it was something like 'I'm very familiar with the success of the swimming Smiths from Edmonton'. It blew me away that she'd heard of my family."

As of Gold Coast 2018, nobody has since bettered Smith's record haul of six gold medals at a single Games.

The performance in question, watched by a capacity crowd, was Potgieter’s victory in the one-lap hurdles at the Empire and Commonwealth Games in Cardiff in 1958.

Pogieter broke the world record - not for the first time - in 49.7sec, only a few weeks after the American Glenn Davis had become the first hurdler to go under 50 seconds. A few days later he won another gold, in the 4x440 yards relay.

A car crash just before the Rome Olympics in 1960 nearly cost Potgieter his life. It happened in Germany, where he was preparing for the biggest race of his life, and ended a winning streak that stood at 44 at the time.

He was blinded in his left eye and told he would never be able to run again.

"I really felt hopeless, useless, melancholy, negative, absolutely down in the dumps, with no self-confidence to tackle the struggles of future life," he said.

"But, as the days went by and I came back to South Africa I studied the medical reports and realised that had it not been for the excellent physical condition I was in, I could have died."

Potgieter pledged to return to athletics and he made it, winning a national decathlon title in 1966 before calling it quits.

Potgieter had another handicap, one that he could never have overcome regardless of injury: his nationality. Much as he hated apartheid, he could not argue against South Africa’s banishment from world sport when it left the Commonwealth in 1961 and was kicked out of the Olympic Movement in 1964.

After Potgieter’s relay gold in Cardiff no South African would win a Commonwealth Games track title until 2002, by which time the country had a black President, a new anthem, a multi-racial team and a new outlook on life.

Potgieter took risks and broke laws in working with black coaches and athletes during the decades of South Africa’s sporting exile.

He was an unlikely campaigner against apartheid, given his background. He was an Afrikaner policeman, and a sporting hero to the white establishment.

"Through my international participation and experiences with black athletes abroad and locally since 1956, I strongly came under the impression that our apartheid system was inhuman," he said.

"Our thinking in the sporting world, from a human point of view, was far ahead of our politicians. The majority wish from the sporting fraternity in South Africa, by far, was that non-whites should absolutely have the same rights and opportunities as whites."

Over a period of many years he would use his status to help victims of discrimination. In 1973 he broke the law when he appointed a black coach, James Mokoka, to a full-time senior post at the National Sports Foundation.

When he was in trouble for his actions Potgieter turned to an old acquaintance, Pik Botha, an influential politician who would later become South Africa’s Foreign Minister. "He contacted the chairman of the Pretoria Municipality Board who then informed me to carry on but to keep it quiet. Sometimes it’s who you know..."

In the same year as Mokoka’s appointment, 1973, Potgieter was thrown out of a Government minister’s home when he went to discuss the setting up of a non-racial academy. In 1989 he was finally able to set up the Olympic Academy of South Africa, and he organised the national youth sport programme to celebrate the inauguration of Nelson Mandela as President of South Africa in 1994.

He then founded Altus Sport, a non-profit organisation whose aim is to use sport to provide a better lifestyle for disadvantaged young men and women, and is still a director.

Potgieter did so much for sport in South Africa on and off the track he was voted his nation's Athlete of the 20^th Century.

Looking back to Cardiff in 1958 he said, "It’s so long ago, yet it’s still fresh in the memory. The wonderful hospitality, warm applause and encouragement by the spectators, the condition of the track, my world record being the first one on the track, flattering and positive media coverage, great friends made, the outstanding atmosphere in and around the stadium, meeting Prince Philip, excellent all-round Games organisation, my personal best times, two gold medals... The Cardiff Games were the highlight of my athletic career, for sure!"

Billy Savidan was a New Zealand stonemason whose journey to Hamilton, Ontario for the inaugural Empire Games in 1930 took many weeks. His races were in August but because of the difficulties of long-distance travel at the time, he did not return home until October.

Savidan desperately wanted to win the six miles and the three miles - the Empire equivalents of the 10,000 metres and 5,000m - to prove the New Zealand selectors wrong. They had overlooked him for the 1928 Olympics despite him being national champion at a mile and three miles.

The NZ Amateur Athletics Association had snubbed him again in selecting the team for the Empire Games. First, they insisted that he or his Auckland club pay all his expenses. Second, they did not confirm his place in the team until 24 hours before their boat left for Canada.

The six miles, on the opening day, was a race of high drama. Savidan had been in the new Civic Stadium, packed with nearly 20,000 people, for hours and he was uncomfortably hot. Before the race, he had stood in the open with 400 other athletes listening to the worthies make their speeches on this famous day - August 16, 1930.

There were no races in New Zealand longer than three miles and there was no cinder track either. Savidan had never raced on such a surface as the one in Hamilton, nor over this distance. He had plenty of stamina, built up not just by running but by his daily walks of at least five miles. His preparations had featured a time trial over six miles when it was 100 degrees Fahrenheit in the shade. 

Savidan was, he said, "all bone and muscle" by the time of the Games. But he was not prepared for what happened, nor could he remember much about it afterwards.

He led throughout, crossed the line well clear of his rivals and stopped, taking in the crowd's cheers. He was about to step off the track when a shout hit him "like a bombshell", he told the New Zealand writer Norman Harris many years later. 

"Another lap! Another lap!" somebody was shouting at him. Then the gun fired - for the last lap. Savidan was unaware that the lap steward, in quickly lifting the number three to reveal the two, had shifted both numbers together and prematurely exposed the figure one. When Savidan thought he was on the last lap he actually had two to go. 

Savidan could not wait to argue, but he could scarcely move. It was, Harris wrote, "like a nightmare - his shoes had huge lead weights in them, he felt sick and weak, almost in tears with the shock and injustice of having to run an extra lap when he had already finished".

The crowd rose to their feet, shouting for him to keep moving. An English runner, Ernie Harper, had been behind by 150 yards but was closing and, if Savidan faltered, the New Zealander would be caught. 

Harris continued: "He was struggling like a drowning man in heavy surf, he overbalanced backwards, swayed forward and almost toppled over, staggered badly and weaved right over to the outside of the track.

"The crowd were in a frenzy and shouting themselves hoarse, many of them leaping over the fence on to the edge of the track. He gathered himself at last and began to beat his way down the straight. He was going to do it, and the crowd broke loose with a roaring ovation all the way down the straight until he had broken through the tape."

Savidan was clearly distressed as he crossed the winning line. His team-mates helped him around the track to have his photo taken with Harper and Tom Evenson, the Englishmen who finished second and third, and supported him at the medal ceremony.

"Amid great enthusiasm," reported The Times in England the following day, "Savidan took his place on the dais while the band played and the winners' flags fluttered in the breeze to close a memorable day."

Savidan, in shock, remembered nothing of this. He had to be walked round the track again by his team-mates for half an hour before he was able to sign the paperwork confirming his Canadian and Empire Games six-mile records.

After briefly losing consciousness in the dressing room, he recovered and said: "I think I'm going mad."

That race took its toll. In the three miles, for which he was favourite, Savidan was unable to finish.

When he did make it to the Olympic Games two years later, in Los Angeles, he suffered the disappointment of finishing fourth in both the 5,000m and 10,000m. 

His love of his grandmother's food, which featured plenty of sugar, cream, fat and rotis (flatbread), and his lack of exercise, meant he was not just chubby, he was obese, weighing in at 90 kilograms before he hit his teens.

That is four kilograms more than his weight when he became India's first Commonwealth Games javelin champion at Gold Coast 2018.

He followed that up at Tokyo 2020 by becoming India's first Olympic champion in any athletics event, after which his popularity soared to such a level he found himself with more than four million followers on social media.

That is quite a rise for the son of an agricultural worker from a village in Haryana state in northern India.

His size as a child played a role in Chopra's introduction to athletics. His father signed him up to a gym in a local town and he moved on to Panipat, a nearby city where he first saw athletes throwing the javelin.

When Chopra tried it himself he could throw more than 40 metres with no training or knowledge of technique. It was clear he had a special talent, which was spotted by another javelin thrower, Jaiveer Choudhary.

"I started with Jaiveer - he supported me a lot when I knew nothing about javelin," Chopra said in one of the countless interviews he has given since becoming the biggest individual sports star in India. 

"He is coaching in the national camp now. He is very dedicated. Training with Jaiveer helped me improve my basics.

"In athletics, you develop slowly. Javelin is a very technical sport. I rectified my faults over time. Then I trained under foreign coaches who further rectified my errors. My coaches have helped me a lot. All that support has brought me here."

As a teenager Chopra improved to such an extent that he set a national record within two years, and a junior world record in winning the junior world title in Poland, a feat that shot him to fame overnight in 2017.

When he arrived in Australia for Gold Coast 2018, Chopra was a 20-year-old Commonwealth Games debutant, but was favourite for gold.

He won it in style, with a seasonal best of 86.47m, ahead of the Australian Hamish Peacock and perennial rival Anderson Peters, from Grenada, who became world champion in 2019.

His victory in Gold Coast, another landmark for Indian athletics, earned Chopra the honour of being his nation's flagbearer a few months later at the Asian Games in Indonesia, where he also won gold.

The Commonwealth Games is a major event in India, and his victory also led to Chopra winning the Arjuna Award, a prestigious honour for outstanding performance which was presented to him by India's President, Ram Nath Kovind.

Now Chopra wants what Peters has - the world title - and more besides.

After victory in Tokyo, he said: "I am not going to be content with this Olympic gold and sit on this laurel. 

"I would like to do even better and win gold again in the Asian Games, Commonwealth Games and again in the Olympics."

One thing is for sure - he will be one of the biggest attractions at Birmingham 2022.

Lucas fought for the Sir Philip Game club, which was founded by the Metropolitan Police Commissioner of the same name and has always held strong connections with the police. That connection helped Lucas to claim a popular victory in unusual circumstances at the 1974 Commonwealth Games in Christchurch, New Zealand.

The selectors ditched Lucas from England's team and instead selected Carl Speare, a popular Liverpudlian who had been beaten by Lucas in the national ABA final in 1973.

Lucas had also won in 1972, following on from two great names in British boxing, Alan Minter in 1971 and John Conteh in 1970. Lucas could barely believe he had been overlooked and nor could his clubmates.

Ken Rimington, a police officer at the Sir Philip Game club, found another way to help Lucas go for gold. Lucas was born on the Caribbean island of Saint Vincent, and moved to London aged seven. So, Rimington successfully set about creating a Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Boxing Association, and Lucas would go to Christchurch under their flag. 

The next big bonus was an offer from Frank Hendry, a senior official in Scottish amateur boxing. He knew Lucas from previous international contests and offered him a deal: go to New Zealand at Scotland's expense in exchange for sparring with their boxers. 

Lucas agreed and, said Hendry, "he was more or less part of our team out there".

"Our boys cheered him on in every round," he added. "He was a hell of a character."

He was a hell of a fighter, too. The one-man team from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines carried the flag at the Opening Ceremony, then won his way through to the semi-finals where he beat Speare, just as he had done in the National Championship final.

Next up was Julius Lupia, a talented Zambian who had been trained by the best in the business, the Cubans. "I've come for gold, I'm gonna get gold," Lucas told Des Lynam of the BBC. He did.

Lucas flew back to Saint Vincent, where, he told the eminent boxing broadcaster Steve Bunce, he "kicked back a bit, and had some herbal relief". 

On his return to Britain he became a professional, fought a memorable title fight against Tony Sibson at the Royal Albert Hall, and a few years later he disappeared.

Nobody in boxing heard from Lucas for more than 20 years. Many from his circle, among them Rimington and Minter - and even his own sister - thought he was dead.

But Conteh had seen somebody who looked like Frankie Lucas running in a park in North London. He told Bunce who, in 2002, found Lucas alive and well and living in the area.

Lucas remains the only Saint Vincent athlete in any sport to have stood on top of the Commonwealth Games podium.

The sprinter Natasha Mayers was a 100 metres gold medallist at Delhi 2010, but not on the day. 

She was promoted to first place from third after the disqualification of the two runners who finished ahead of her, one for a false start and the other for a doping violation.

Thirty-five runners had set off, several dropped out, and when Abel Smith Manumanua of Papua New Guinea trailed in 33 minutes after De Castella, who was Australia's best marathon runner of the time, the workers got started.

They thought Manumanua was the last finisher but 20 minutes later, another man crossed the line in a time of 3 hours 2min 33sec - more than 53 minutes behind De Castella.

It was Nick Akers, a man for whom the saying "it's the taking part that counts" might have been dreamt up.

"A provincial runner, not an international," was how he described himself.

He was representing the Cayman Islands despite having been there for only 10 days in his life.

Akers was so desperate to run in big races that for a while he changed his name to Nick Vladivar.

He was from Britain, where he trained with the 1980 Olympic champion Steve Ovett in his youth.

Akers moved to New Zealand, then Canada, holding passports for all three countries.

He was never good enough to represent any of them so he scoured the Commonwealth Games rules and wrote to Guernsey, Jersey and Fiji instead. No luck.

Then he discovered he could represent the Cayman Islands, with the help of a Montrealer, Joel Budd.

Budd, a Canadian, had gone to the Caribbean island to teach speed reading, and stayed.

He created an Olympic association and raised a team for the Commonwealth Games in Edmonton in 1978.

He was an engaging character who persuaded Ian Wooldridge, the eminent Daily Mail journalist, to march with the Cayman team at the Edmonton Opening Ceremony. Wooldridge was deemed an impostor by officials and it nearly led to the team's expulsion.

Akers could join the team provided he signed a deal: he must change his name to that of a popular brand of vodka.

Vladivar's sponsorship money would go to the Cayman sports bodies, Akers would be given the paperwork and a chance to run in the Commonwealth Games.

He got a Cayman driving licence but never a passport - somehow it was enough.

He ran in the 5,000 metres - heats, of course, not the final - in which he was slow, but not as slow as fellow Caymanian Godfrey Bevan, whose time in the other heat was four minutes worse.

In the 10,000m, "Vladivar" was a respectable 18th, and in the 1500m he was 35 seconds slower than gold medallist Dave Moorcroft but 35 seconds faster than the slowest man from the Turks & Caicos Islands.

He still holds the Caymanian record for the 10,000m.

Injury, and a dispute over his amateur status because of the vodka affiliation, kept him out of the Moscow Olympics but he was back for the 1982 Commonwealth Games.

He first ran in the 10,000m, in a slower time than he had posted in Edmonton, but still the faster of the two Cayman runners in the event.

Then came the marathon. At the end of the race he "was wandering around alone, not knowing anybody, and staggered into a pub". It was free drinks all round for him.

"I would say I represented the true amateur racers," said Akers, who changed his name back again after he became a father.

"Vladivar paid £10,000 but it went to the Commonwealth Games Association of the Cayman Islands.

"Whatever changed hands was between them and Joel Bonn, I was never paid a dollar. I ran in the true spirit of being an athlete. I wanted people to get into running."

In 2021, Akers added other records to his collection in Australia (he moves around a lot, and is back in Edmonton, Canada now).

These were the Northern Territories mile record for over-65s, and the Guinness World Record for the fastest 1km in snowshoes on sand.

"I hope these new exploits will silence the critics," he told insidethegames.

"I'm halfway through my autobiography titled Finishing last is hard to beat: A tribute to finishing last in the 1982 Commonwealth Games Marathon."

After the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne, Pete Rademacher, the American heavyweight gold medallist, fought for the world title in his first contest as a professional and even knocked down the champion, Floyd Patterson, before losing in the sixth round.

Another big name from those Games was Jose Torres, a silver medallist who would win a light-heavyweight world title before becoming President of the World Boxing Organization, and biographer of Muhammad Ali and Mike Tyson.

Dick McTaggart, from Dundee, the lightweight Olympic champion in Melbourne and winner of the trophy for the most stylish boxer, also won a title two years later - as an amateur, in the Empire and Commonwealth Games in Cardiff.

The Scot was earning only £8 a week as a labourer but professional boxing was not for him.

"I still have a video recording of my first round win in Cardiff, against an Australian," said McTaggart, who turned 85 in 2020.

It was against John Leckie and it was no surprise that the Scot won easily.

"I had fought 250 times by then," he said.

McTaggart went to the Olympics again and won a bronze in 1960, the year when Cassius Clay won gold before later changing his name to Ali.

He again said "no" to offers to join them in turning professional, and was back at the Commonwealth Games in Perth, Australia in 1962.

It was three or four days each way to get to Perth and back, with several refuelling stops, and on the way out "there was nothing to do but eat", he said.

That meant McTaggart and his team-mates arrived several pounds overweight.

They trained hard to trim back down, and McTaggart should have won a second gold, and thereby become the first man to win Commonwealth gold at different weights.

He lost, though, in one of the most controversial decisions in Games history.

McTaggart's opponent in the final was Clement "Isaac" Quartey, who had become Ghana's first ever Olympic medallist in Rome with a light welterweight silver.

His father had five wives and 27 children and one of them, Ike, born in 1969, would become a world champion many years later.

McTaggart appeared to have won every round but the verdict was given to Quartey.

It came as such a shock to Quartey that he fainted.

"He fell down in front of me, and stayed down," said McTaggart.

"I nearly fainted myself."

According to one report, Quartey was unconscious for five minutes.

Did McTaggart make a protest?

"No, but the Scottish Association did, and one of the officials was sacked," he said.

"It was a terrible decision but that's how it goes sometimes.

"There were fights I lost that I thought I'd won, and there were times when it worked the other way. That was a really bad one, though."

McTaggart remained amateur until he retired in 1965, by when he had become an oil technician for Rolls Royce. 

"I didn't like the idea of 25 per cent for him, and 15 per cent for him and so on. I boxed for fun, for laughs," he said.

"Professional boxing is all work and wages, no fun. I enjoyed the freedom to have the odd drink and a fag when I felt like it."

McTaggart stayed with the sport as a coach, for Britain in the Olympics and Scotland in the Commonwealth Games.

"I've been all over the world, had a great time," he said.

Between 1956 and 1965, McTaggart, from a family of boxers, won five national titles.

He fought 634 times, winning 610. A sports centre in Dundee is named after him.

"He was the best amateur I ever saw," said Harry Carpenter, the legendary "voice of boxing" on the BBC.

What might come as a surprise to many, though, is that when Seraphino Antao became the first gold medallist on the track for Kenya at a major athletics event, he did it in the sprints.

Antao, whose family was originally from Goa, was a phenomenal talent in the sport's amateur days and was clearly among the best in the world.

His golden double in Australia, at the 1962 Commonwealth Games in Perth, led to Antao receiving a personal telegram from Jomo Kenyatta, who would become Kenya's first President in 1964.

Kenyatta told him: "You have really become Kenya's priceless jewel in sports...please accept our profound appreciation of your tremendous successes."

In the year when Kenyatta stepped up from Prime Minister to the Presidency, Antao had the honour of carrying the flag for Kenya at the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo. 

But the nation's appreciation of him, or of those who had settled in Kenya after moving from the subcontinent, would wane when Asians were made to feel unwelcome and many left throughout the 1960s.

Antao was one of them, moving to England after he had given up athletics.

At the height of his success, Antao was a match for anybody. 

In Perth, he finished ahead of Tom Robinson of The Bahamas in the 100 yards, which he won in 9.5sec.

"Joy and pride engulfed my whole body when I hit the tape ahead of everybody else," he said.

In the 220 yards, his 20.9sec equalled the Games record and was too good for David Jones of England, half a second behind.

In the same year he won the AAA Championships sprint double at White City in London.

Nicknamed Kelly throughout his life, Antao was a good footballer whose speed was spotted by an athletics coach in Mombasa when he was having fun with friends and family (he was the eldest of six sporty siblings).

His times for the sprints at his first local meeting, where he ran barefoot, were only just outside the national records.

For eight years he trained six days a week on the beach and in the stadium, while working full time for the Landing and Shipping Company in Mombasa.

Antao retired from athletics after the Tokyo 1964 Games, where he was not at his best, and moved to London with "a career to pursue".

When he died in 2011, there was a memorial service for him in Mombasa as well as in north Kent where he lived.

“He was unknown here, and never tried to use his athletic fame to his advantage," said Jones, the silver medallist in Perth.

"He was a lovely man, quiet but charming."

She entered four events and two of them, long jump and discus, were scheduled to start an hour apart on the afternoon of the legendary "Mile of the Century" race between Roger Bannister and John Landy.

"But because the Duke of Edinburgh arrived at the stadium later than expected the discus was put back an hour, which meant the two events coincided," said Williams, one of New Zealand's all-time great athletes.

"This caused me a real problem as the long jump was held on one side of the stadium and the discus on the opposite side, 100 metres or more away.

"So I had to have one long jump then dash across the stadium, change from my long jump spikes to my discus throwing shoes, have a throw then head back for another long jump.

"This continued throughout the two competitions - 12 dashes across the stadium and 12 changes of shoes.

"I was very, very busy."

Despite all that, Williams won gold in both events.

"Considering the circumstances I believe that winning the two events at the same time was probably the best performance of my career," she said.

And what a career it was.

Williams was the first woman to be named New Zealand "sportsman" of the year, in 1950, when she was the star of the show at the Auckland Games, winning gold in the long jump and silver in the javelin despite the fact she had barely thrown one before.

She took the award again in 1952, the year she won Olympic long jump gold in Helsinki. After which, she was given a huge public reception in Auckland on her return, and open-car parades all the way home to Dunedin.

Six months before the Vancouver Games, at the age of 23, Williams broke the long jump world record set by the great Dutchwoman Fanny Blankers-Koen.

Both Williams and Blankers-Koen would have made outstanding pentathletes or heptathletes, but no such thing existed until the 1960s and the women's multi-disciplinary events were not part of the Commonwealth Games until 1970. 

"Yes, I would have liked it if the pentathlon or heptathlon had been on the programme," Williams once said. 

"There was a pentathlon organised for me in Dunedin once and I think I went quite close to the world record."

Williams was not only an outstanding all-round track and field athlete, she also played basketball for her country.

After she won Olympic gold in the long jump in 1952, New Zealand had to wait 40 years to cheer their next female Olympic champion, sailor Barbara Kendall in Barcelona.

Williams trained three times a day, as well as working full-time.

"I used concrete blocks and sandbags for weights," she said. "I would honestly say I trained harder than most athletes of today."

Williams married in 1954 and retired from athletics to start a family. She had four children, and taught PE at local schools.

"I felt, not exactly embarrassed, but uncomfortable," Gunnell said.

"I had never celebrated before, didn't know what to do, hadn't even really watched celebrations. I was shocked, really naive. I did eventually get a flag and run round the track."

Over the years Gunnell would do the same again many times.

She won plenty more Commonwealth Games races in 1990 and 1994, Olympic gold in 1992 and the World Championships a year later in a world record time - but not as a sprint hurdler.

It was after that Edinburgh win that her coach Bruce Longden, with whom she had worked since her early teenage years, told Gunnell what he thought.

"I won in Edinburgh and I thought I was pretty good, and he said 'but do you want to be the best in the world?'

“He knew then that I wouldn't be, at 100, when I was probably ranked 20 to 30 in the world.

"I ran the 100 in the 1987 Worlds and at the very end of the season he said 'go and run a 400 hurdles'. It was probably in the Southern League or something. I thought 'that's going to hurt' but I knew what pain was. I was prepared to have a go, and it just took off.

"I qualified for both at the 1988 Olympics and was eliminated in the heats of the 100 but got to the 400 final. Bruce was a very good judge, had a good overview."

As a 400 metre hurdler Gunnell never looked back.

The period between the start and end of Gunnell's Commonwealth games appearances, 1986 to 1994, featured all sorts of distractions because of political boycotts and the transition of athletics from an amateur to a professional sport.

In Edinburgh, the Games were knocked sideways when half the Commonwealth stayed at home because of the presence of New Zealand, whose rugby team still competed against South Africa when most of the rest of the world would have nothing to do with the apartheid regime.

"I was 20-years-old and completely oblivious to all the boycott stuff, all the politics," said Gunnell.

"I didn't expect to be in the team and I was just chuffed to be there. I wasn't reading all the papers."

Gunnell was in England's victorious 4x400m relay teams in New Zealand in 1990 and Canada in 1994. She won five golds and a silver in her six Commonwealth Games races. 

There were absentees from her final appearance too, though not because of a boycott.

With the World Championships by now well established, and much more money available to athletes, the Games in Victoria, British Columbia, in 1994 were to many an unwanted interruption to the European meetings circuit.

The top Kenyan runners stayed away, as did the great Jamaican sprinter Merlene Ottey, and England's Roger Black. The European Championships were held shortly before the Commonwealth Games and several other British athletes were wavering.

"Quite a few people questioned whether they should be going, saying it was 'only' the Commonwealth Games," said Gunnell.

"I was the women's team captain and I remember having a conversation with Linford Christie, the men's captain, about how important it was for everybody to be there.

"Above all, though, it was the Friendly Games, a chance to relax a bit and enjoy it. When I think back over my athletics years, all the fondest memories are from the Commonwealth Games, the fun, the stories.

"It's less intense, not as big as the Olympics, everybody speaks the same language and you tend to chat more to other nationalities."

Her victory in 1994 made Gunnell the first woman to become reigning world, Olympic, Commonwealth and European champion, as well as a world record holder. Did she remember that?

"To be honest, no," she said. "Not until somebody pointed it out later. What I do remember is having a day off to go out to see the whales." 

His informality went down well with athletes, as highlighted by the great Australian swimmer Dawn Fraser when she recalled a lunch on board the Royal yacht Britannia in Melbourne in 1963.

By then Fraser, one of the all-time great swimmers, had set world records and won three Olympic titles. She also won six gold medals at the Commonwealth Games - including four in Perth the year before at a Games attended by Prince Philip.

In the days of amateur sport, Fraser, a well-known "larrikin" from a working class background who often found herself in trouble with the sporting authorities, was working as a saleswoman at a local shop when she was invited to meet The Queen and Prince Philip on their tour.

Before lunch was served, Dame Pattie Menzies, the arch conservative wife of Australia's longest-serving Prime Minister, Sir Robert Menzies, "came and told me loudly about table manners, how to use the cutlery etc".

"Invited to dine with The Queen in a select group and then looked down upon by petty people who felt they were better than I was - I felt like giving her a piece of my mind but assured her I had been trained very nicely by my mother and father, thank you, although sometimes we just used our fingers," Fraser said.

Fraser sat next to Prince Philip, who then "sent up Dame Pattie by laboriously explaining in a mock serious way that I should start from the outside and work my way in and if we skipped a course I should also skip the cutlery".

By then Prince Philip had attended three Commonwealth Games, and had become President of the Commonwealth Games Federation, a role he held for 35 years.

He officially opened six Games, starting in Cardiff in 1958, where Fraser won two golds and fell asleep drunk in a flower bed after a night out.

Prince Philip piloted himself to Cardiff in a Heron plane, which he flew from London.

Because of other engagements, The Queen did not join her husband at the Games until 1970, by which time Prince Philip was a regular.

At the end of those Games he and The Queen made sure that complaints from an Australian team official were drowned out when athletes climbed onto a Land Rover carrying the Royal Family.

There was no need for anyone to apologise for "a spontaneous and honest expression of feeling".

Prince Philip's first Games visit was in 1954, when he saw the famous "mile of the century" race between Roger Bannister and John Landy in Vancouver.

Within 45 minutes of that race the British marathon runner Jim Peters entered the stadium 17 minutes ahead of his nearest pursuer, only to collapse repeatedly in the 28 degree heat, leading to disqualification when he was helped to his feet.

Peters was taken to hospital and never fully recovered. His most treasured possession was a medal given to him by Prince Philip "as a token of admiration for a most gallant marathon runner". 

The official report of those Games highlighted the fact that Prince Philip visited the Athletes' Village and "dined informally cafeteria style with as many of the athletes as possible".

At the 1966 Games in Kingston, Jamaica, a 15-year-old Princess Anne and a 17-year-old Prince Charles accompanied their father, and Anne enjoyed the post-Games party when she danced with the 4ft 10in weightlifter Precious McKenzie.

Once more, informality was to the fore.

After the friendliest Games of all, Christchurch 1974, a letter signed "Philip" was sent to the organisers from Buckingham Palace.

He told hem: "The City of Christchurch deserves the warmest thanks and congratulations from everyone who had any part in the Commonwealth Games.

"The Games have never been happier or more successful.

"Judging by the friendly atmosphere in the Village, at the competitions and during the social events, I am sure that all competitors, officials and spectators went home with a better idea of what the Commonwealth means, and with a better understanding of their Commonwealth partners."

Dame Louise Martin, the CGF President, said Prince Philip "will be forever remembered for a lifetime of dedicated service to the Commonwealth".

A year later she married and became Liz McColgan, under which name she would go on to become a record-breaking world champion, Olympic silver medallist and one of Britain's most popular athletes. She was so popular that in 1991, the year after she retained her Commonwealth Games title, she won the coveted BBC Sports Personality of the Year award.

In those troubled Edinburgh Games, which were almost derailed by a political boycott that left 1,500 athletes at home, McColgan was Scotland's only gold medallist in athletics.

She had plenty of support from the public but not, she felt, from Scotland's sports authorities, as she had been to the United States on a scholarship and had no financial help from her own country.

Life had been hard for McColgan from her childhood in Dundee.

She was brought up in a block of flats in Whitfield, a tough area where one of her neighbours said after her victory: "That'll show them there's more than criminal records come out Whitfield."

Years later McColgan said that without her love of athletics, and the encouragement of her PE teacher at school and her first coach Harry Bennett, she would not have had a good life.

"I would probably be on the dole, I would be smoking and drinking," she said.

"That is the lifestyle I came from, and I still have family members with that lifestyle.

"I was very lucky that I chose a different path from many other members of my family.

"I do not hide where I came from, because it is part of me."

As for that race in Edinburgh, McColgan said she never experienced anything like it again in a career that lasted nearly two decades.

She had returned from the US, where she broke records in college athletics on her scholarship, to train for the Commonwealth Games on her own.

Her coach Bennett, who died while she was in the US, had always told her she would make a great 10,000m runner - even though there was no such distance for women at the time. 

It had never been on the programme at the Commonwealth Games before, and McColgan said: "I wasn't a favourite or anything.

"I thought it would just be like running at your local track but the exact opposite happened.

"I was the most nervous I've ever been for a race.

"It felt as if every single person in the stadium was shouting my name, it was so personal.

"The hairs stood up on my neck while I was running.

"I never experienced the same atmosphere at any other championships."

McColgan won by 70 metres, then she lost a bet on the podium.

Two of her fellow runners had bet her she would cry at the medal ceremony.

"I didn't think I would, but the crowd were something else and Scotland the Brave sounded so wonderful," she said.

"It was so overwhelming, totally unbelievable.

"I could never, ever relive that moment."

He was one of the best boxers of all time, and in the view of many fight fans he was the best.

In his professional career Lewis fought as a Briton, but he had spent several years in Canada as a child and saw out his amateur career under the Canadian flag.

He won his first senior international title as a 20-year-old in the Commonwealth Games - and it was without doubt the easiest win of what would become a stellar career.

It came in Edinburgh in 1986 when Lewis became the first super-heavyweight champion, a weight class that had never been contested before.

When he won Olympic gold in Seoul two years later Lewis had to defeat Riddick Bowe, the American who would also become the undisputed heavyweight champion after turning professional.

In Edinburgh he had to beat Aneurin Evans, one of the luckiest medallists in any sport in the history of the Commonwealth Games, and a man who has never been heard of since.

When the BBC cameras focused on Welshman Evans just before the final began, the legendary boxing commentator Harry Carpenter said: "If I were him I'd be running for my life."

Evans did just that - he spent the next few minutes trying, unsuccessfully, to evade the brutal punches of Lewis.

He survived until 23 seconds into round two, when his corner threw in the towel.

By 1986, Lewis had already fought at the Olympics and won a North American championship. 

Evans had fought only 20 times in his life, and should not even have been in Edinburgh. 

Two days before the Games started there were only two entries in the new super-heavyweight class, Lewis and the Englishman James Oyebola, who had beaten Evans in the ABA final. 

The boycott by African countries, protesting over New Zealand's presence at a time when the All Blacks were still playing rugby against apartheid-era South Africa, hurt boxing more than any other sport.

Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Uganda and Zambia all had strong contenders who stayed at home.

A late rallying call by officials led to Wales nominating Evans, coached by the 1958 Commonwealth bronze medallist Don Braithwaite.

His luck was in: he drew a bye into the final. Lewis made short work of the 6ft 9in Oyebola first, then pounded Evans into submission.

Canada took home half of the 12 boxing golds in Edinburgh.

Lewis was born in London to Jamaican parents, and moved to Ontario with his mother, Violet, for a year.

He returned to London to stay with an aunt, then went back to Canada, aged 12, until he turned professional.

Lewis' elder brother, Dennis, said Lennox was often in trouble in the East End, picked a lot of fights, and "would be in prison or worse" if he had stayed.

In Kitchener, near Toronto, Lewis focused on sport and "turned out to be one of the most beautiful kids", said Violet, who brought him up as a single parent.

Lewis was an outstanding basketball player and a talented footballer and shot-putter, but once he had tried boxing at Arnie Boehm's gym, attached to the Kitchener police headquarters, he was hooked.

He often fought older boys, won six national championships, and went to the Los Angeles Olympics in 1984 at 18.

The money and titles started rolling in when he turned professional, and he enjoyed success after success until his retirement in 2004.

While Lewis went on to world fame after 1986, Evans returned to obscurity in South Wales, and later moved to England.

Oyebola fought as a professional, won the British heavyweight title, and fought on the undercard of a Lewis bill in Atlantic City.

He was killed in 2007.

Working in a London nightclub, Oyebola asked three men to stop smoking, and one of them shot him in the neck.

The killer was jailed for life.

Neroli Fairhall did not know if she would fit on the dais but the size problem was not a matter of weight and girth.

Fairhall was paraplegic, and competed from a wheelchair. She was the first wheelchair athlete to win an able-bodied discipline at any major sporting event, not just the Commonwealth Games.

Athletes with disabilities had won Olympic medals before.

The American-German gymnast George Eyser was run over by a train as a boy and lost a leg, but still won six medals, three of them gold, in St Louis in 1904.

The amputee Hungarian water polo player Oliver Halassy was a triple medallist in the 1920s and 1930s.

Another Hungarian, marksman Karoly Takacs, blew up his shooting hand, his right, with a grenade, then learned to shoot left-handed and won gold in 1948 and 1952.

And Lis Hartel, the Danish rider who was paralysed below both knees by polio, won dressage silvers in 1952 and 1956 and had to be lifted on to the dais for the medal ceremonies.

As the 20th century drew to its end, though, nobody had ever competed, never mind won a medal, from a wheelchair at the Olympic Games or the Commonwealth Games.

Fairhall, who was also the first athlete to take part in both the Paralympics and Olympics - in 1980 and 1984 - won gold in Brisbane in a dramatic finish.

The New Zealander needed three 10-pointers from her last three arrows. "Come on, Neroli, do it!" she exhorted herself.

She did it, to win on countback from the Northern Ireland teenager, Janet Yates.

"After that it was all a bit of a blur," she said.

"Suddenly there were all these New Zealanders there behind me saying 'you've done it!'

"When it came to the ceremony, I was always wary of being lifted into the air, so I sat on the ground."

Fairhall, who had a lifelong love of horses, was confined to a wheelchair after a motorbike accident near her home in Christchurch in 1969.

She lay injured for nearly a day before a passing motorist spotted her.

Despite her ordeal she liked to drive fast, and would often overtake team-mates in her Ford Capri on the way to matches.

After trying and failing at shot, discus, and wheelchair sprinting, Fairhall took up archery.

It was tough but she strengthened her arm and stomach muscles by swimming four times a week, and within a few years she was competing at international level.

People would sometimes complain that it was easier for her to shoot from a sitting position, to which Fairhall's reply was: "I wouldn't know, I've never shot standing up."

Fairhall was selected to represent New Zealand at the 1980 Olympics but missed those Games, to her lifelong regret, when her country boycotted Moscow.

She competed at the Paralympics in The Netherlands that year, setting national and Paralympic records.

When Fairhall made it to the Olympics four years later, in Los Angeles, she finished 35th, a disappointing result.

She would have performed better, she felt, without the constant media attention, something she never liked.

In the early days after her accident, Fairhall felt she was given little or no help in learning how to cope as a paraplegic.

Later in life, Fairthall was a frequent visitor to hospital patients who had suffered serious injuries.

Having been awarded an MBE for services to archery, Fairhall retired from competition in 2001 with "a worn-out left shoulder" and continued to coach and encourage archers.

She died in 2006.

Ruth Dyson, a New Zealand Government Minister, said Fairhall was "an inspirational woman for all New Zealanders who did what many thought was impossible, competing against the best in the Commonwealth to win gold".

"Neroli was an example of how a disabled person can overcome the low expectations of others and achieve excellence," she added.

His work, according to the critics, could not be regarded as literary and has not aged well. His legacy persists, however - in the sporting record books.

When Garvice wrote Her Heart's Desire in 1897 he named the heroine Decima Deane.

A reader in Perth, Western Australia, was so taken with the book that she persuaded a friend to name her daughter Decima.

The child had been christened Clara Norman but, from then on, would be known as Decima.

In time, Decima would become "Dashing Dess", the first female superstar of what would become the Commonwealth Games, and one of Australia's greatest athletes.

Australia won six golds when the Sydney Cricket Ground hosted the 1938 athletics, and five of them went to Dashing Dess, a record that still stands.

When she moved to Sydney in 1939, the year when she equalled the world record for 100 yards, she was feted and photographed wherever she went, and given a newspaper column and a regular slot on radio.

If only she had been born in another part of Australia, Dashing Dess might have been a rival to "The Flying Housewife", Fanny Blankers-Koen, the Dutch heroine of the 1948 Olympic Games who was named female athlete of the century in 1999.

Norman surely had the ability, but the problem was she was on her own.

There was no women's athletic club in Western Australia in the 1920s and early 1930s, and she could not qualify for national selection without a club.

In 1932 she was spotted by a coach, Frank Preston, who saw great potential despite Norman running "like a hen in flight" with her head over her left shoulder and her arms flapping.

Norman was taken aback.

"My leg action was wrong, my arm action was wrong, I did not run sufficiently on my toes, my balance was not good, my breathing had to be corrected, and so on," she said. 

"He pointed out so many faults and corrected me so many times.

"It did not seem possible that a person could have so many faults and still appear a potential champion."

Preston helped to bring about improvement, and Norman also wrote to a top American coach for advice.

She finally got her chance in 1937 when three women's clubs were formed and Western Australia was part of the athletics establishment at last.

At the National Championships in Melbourne she kept winning, and made headlines in all the newspapers.

At the age of 28 Norman was able to show the world what she could do.

For winning the 100 yards, 220 yards, long jump and two relays at the 1938 Games, Norman was "given the sort of ovation at the Sydney Cricket Ground usually reserved for Donald Bradman", according to one report.

That was some achievement, given that Bradman, the greatest cricketer who ever played the game, was at the height of his fame and popularity.

Had war not intervened, Norman would have competed at the Olympic Games planned for Helsinki in 1940.

Had Perth existed on the athletics map a decade earlier, she could have competed internationally many more times.

Dashing Dess was awarded an MBE.

As Clara Hamilton - she reverted to her real forename and married New Zealander Eric Hamilton - she went to Buckingham Palace to receive The Queen's message for the 1982 Brisbane Games.

She was presented with her MBE in Perth in 1983 by Prince Charles, during a royal tour with Princess Diana and their son William.

She died later that year of lung cancer, although she never smoked. 

"People would ask me, 'are you from Tasmania?' because they had never heard of Tanzania," Bayi told the BBC.

"I had to teach some people about geography."

He taught them about running, too, by winning Tanzania's first Commonwealth Games gold medal in any sport in sensational style.

Bayi ran from the front and broke the American Jim Ryun's 1500 metres world record by nearly a second.

"Perhaps the most devastating piece of front-running by any athlete in a middle-distance race," said the British television commentator David Coleman.

But Coleman was underdoing it, according to the world's first sub-four-minute miler Roger Bannister, who said: "That was the greatest run I have ever seen."

It was the last time a world record was broken on the track at the Commonwealth Games and was arguably more impressive than Bannister's 1954 victory over John Landy, which would therefore make it the all-time top achievement in athletics in the near-100-year history of the Games.

Bayi returned to a hero's welcome and continued to serve in the army and as a sport leader.

He won many more races but was denied a chance at Olympic gold in 1976 because of a boycott by African nations.

He has been secretary general of Tanzania's National Olympic Committee for many years, and with his late wife set up the Filbert Bayi Foundation to build schools, develop athletic talent and provide education for disadvantaged children.

Bayi's famous victory came on the same day in February 1974 when Ronnie Biggs - who took part in the Great Train Robbery in Britain in 1963 and was one of the world's most wanted criminals after years on the run - was arrested in Brazil.

Biggs was on the front page of newspapers and Bayi on the back, all over the Commonwealth.

"I'm very proud of the gold medal and the record, and my country is proud of me," Bayi said.

"When I stood on the podium and heard my anthem, my eyes were glistening."

Bayi had been running well in the build-up to the Christchurch Games but was, in his own view, "an underdog".

The favourite was local hero John Walker, who broke the mile world record in 1975 and won Olympic 1500m gold in Montreal in 1976 in Bayi's absence.

Other strong medal contenders were the Kenyans Ben Jipcho and Mike Boit, and another New Zealander, Rod Dixon.

Bayi beat Ryun's world record by 0.9sec in 3min 32.2sec, ahead of Walker who was also inside Ryun's record time.

Third-placed Jipcho ran the fourth fastest 1500m at that time, and Britain's Brendan Foster was five-and-a-half seconds back in seventh place but still broke the British record. 

"It was an amazing race - one of the greatest in history," said Foster.

Not until 1979 did Foster's fellow Briton Seb Coe better Bayi's record.

Looking back at the race, Bayi said: "When I arrived in New Zealand nobody took much notice."

He had led from the front in winning the All-African Games title in Lagos, Nigeria in 1973.

"I felt I would do the same as a front-runner in New Zealand," he said.

"If I ran the way I wanted to they were never going to catch me.

"People thought they would get me in the final 200 metres.

"I was taking it easy, and when John was coming close to me I accelerated in the last 100 metres.

"I jumped up when I saw 'world record' flashing up on the board."

Bayi broke the mile world record in 1975 and would have been a very strong contender in Montreal but for the boycott.

In the Moscow 1980 Olympic Games, when he was 27, Bayi won a silver in the steeplechase.

The David Dixon Award, named after the former honorary secretary of the Commonwealth Games Federation, was presented, in a full stadium at the Closing Ceremony, to the athlete who made the best overall contribution to the Games.

Ian Thorpe, the world's greatest swimmer who had won six golds and a silver, was favourite to win it but he did not.

The Daily Mail takes up the story. "Although the Games finale's final act was drenched in a torrential downpour of trademark Manchester proportions the spirit of the occasion could not be dampened," the newspaper said.

"Natalie du Toit, the 18-year-old South African who lost a leg in a horrific moped accident, was chosen as the most outstanding athlete of the Games.

"The 4,000 competitors voted for Natalie above Aussie swimmer Ian Thorpe. Somehow it all seemed perfectly appropriate."

Du Toit, said the Daily Mail, had given a "genuinely unified resonance" to the Games.

She had set world records in winning two disability swimming gold medals, and had become the world's first disabled athlete to qualify for a final in an able-bodied event, the 800 metres freestyle.

The crowds loved her.

She remembers feeling very proud, and very wet.

"It certainly did rain," she said.

Later, Du Toit wrapped the trophy in a quilt and took it home to South Africa, unaware that she should have taken a replica instead because the original was made of platinum, gold and silver.

"I just put it in with the laundry and walked straight through customs with it," she said.

"They had to send two people to South Africa to take it back."

Du Toit met Thorpe a few times in Manchester.

"We both seemed to spend a lot of time in dope-testing," she said.

"We would sit and chat, and we shared a lift back to the Village."

It was a chance to share their memories of the 1998 Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, where Thorpe made his mark with four gold medals as a 15-year-old.

Du Toit won none in her three events, but she was only 14.

At 17, Du Toit lost her left leg in an accident.

A woman drove out of a parking space "straight into my leg, not actually into my motorbike, and my leg split, like if you drop a tomato on the ground".

She was in intensive care and "five days later they decided to amputate". 

"So, I have an amputation through the knee and a titanium rod and three screws down my femur, and an artificial limb," she said.

Never one to look back on life's 'what ifs', Du Toit just wanted to get back in the pool.

Within a few months she was making great progress, and the following year she was winning medals in Manchester, much to the delight of the crowd.

"I'll never forget the support they gave me, all standing and clapping," she said. "The people in Britain always seem to get behind you."

There were more medals to come in Melbourne and Delhi, and many more at the Paralympics.

Du Toit swam in the Olympics and Paralympics in 2008, and carried the flag for South Africa at both those Games.

She ended her career in the pool at London 2012, and was soon in demand as a motivational speaker.

"The Commonwealth Games has been really special to me," she said.

Bobby Robinson, the founding father of the Games, was inspired in his efforts by the behaviour of the United States team at the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam.

"Arrogant and obnoxious" was the Canadian's view.

Robinson, the athletics team manager in Amsterdam, had first talked of creating the new "Empire Games", as they were known when they started in 1930, at the Paris Olympic Games in 1924.

He took his efforts to another level four years later. 

Among Robinson's gripes in Amsterdam, where Canada made an official complaint, were the absence of a Canadian flag when Percy Williams received his 100m gold medal; the fact that Americans were allowed to train on the track but Canadians were not; a disputed judges' decision in the women's 100m that went in favour of an American when the Canadians thought their runner had won; and a direct insult by Avery Brundage, then the most influential American in the Olympic Movement, to a Canadian team official.

The Toronto Star reported that meetings to discuss the Empire Games were held in Amsterdam "as a direct result of the dominance, real or attempted, by Germany and the United States at the Olympic meet... Robinson finally boiled over and, after consultation with other Canadian officials, met representatives of the other British teams and laid the foundation for what is hoped will be a series of British Empire meets to be held every four years".

Organisers of the inaugural Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario - where Robinson worked - made clear their aims.

"The event will be designed on an Olympic model, but these Games will be very different," it was said.

"They should be merrier and less stern, and will substitute the stimulus of a novel adventure for the pressure of international rivalry."

Making it happen was a challenge that would have been beyond most people, but not the tireless Robinson.

Melville Marks "Bobby" Robinson left school in Peterborough, Ontario, at 13 and started at the Toronto News as an office boy, working his way up to become sports editor of the Hamilton Spectator in 1908, when he was 20.

He served in the First World War in a machine gun unit, and he also served his local community with distinction.

Robinson was on Hamilton's Education Board - he has a school named after him - and was secretary-treasurer of the Ontario Fruit and Vegetable Growers' Association.

He campaigned for farmers at a time of global economic downturn and was well known and respected throughout Ontario.

Robinson, who was also a lover of athletics, founded a prestigious club before being appointed Canada's Olympic team manager.

His influence helped him to persuade the leaders and businessmen in Hamilton, which was Canada's fifth largest city with a population of 151,000, to support the Empire Games despite the global financial crash.

To help persuade other nations to travel to Hamilton he enlisted the help of Canada's most influential railway man, a former Finance Minister, two bank Presidents and the heads of two local universities.

He dreamed up the idea of an Athletes' Village, of a medal ceremony on the podium, and of using volunteers to help the event run smoothly - all purloined by the Olympic Movement, whose leading figures were guests of honour in Hamilton.

As so many people wanted to watch the live action, he had to arrange for 1,000 extra seats to be installed at the Civic Stadium.

Before the week was out an Empire Games Federation had been formed, and the future of what would become the Commonwealth Games was assured.

Bobby Robinson died in 1974, aged 86, but his legacy lives on.

Harold Abrahams, the British sprinter who won Olympic gold in 1924 before becoming one of the most influential voices in athletics in the first half of the 20th century, wrote: "But for the unbounded enthusiasm and persistency of Mr Robinson, the whole thing would never have started."

Those are Cathy Freeman's words, spoken as she looked back on a remarkable career in athletics that included, in the view of an Australian television station, a starring role in the greatest moment in her country's Commonwealth Games history.

Running did not just make Freeman happy - it made her globally famous - and in a way that went beyond the boundaries of the sporting world.

That famous Commonwealth Games moment played an important part in Australia's social history.

It happened in Victoria, British Columbia, at the 1994 Games, where Freeman won two gold medals on the track, and won the hearts of millions back home in Australia and all around the world.

When she left for Canada the then 20-year-old made sure she had a flag that had been flown for the first time only 23 years earlier - the Australian Aboriginal Flag.

By then she had become a role model for the Aboriginal population.

Her people had lived in Australia for 50,000 years but the official national flag was designed with little more than a century of colonial rule in mind.

That was why, way back in 1938 when Sydney became Australia's first host city of the then Games, the aboriginal people declared a "day of mourning" rather than join in the celebrations of the "150th birthday" of Australia.

Those celebrations, based on the settlement of the country by Europeans, gave the Aborigines "no reason to rejoice" said their leader Jack Patten.

The Games and all the celebrations around them were yet another example of the Europeans overlooking the indigenous people of Australia and their struggles, he said.

Freeman was born in Mackay, Queensland, three hours from her extended family who lived at Woorabinda, an Aboriginal mission.

Her athletic talent took her away from Mackay but her heart remained there.

Freeman won her first Commonwealth Games gold medal when she was 16, in the sprint relay at Auckland in 1990. In doing so she became the first female Aboriginal gold medallist in the Games’ then-60-year history.

When she won the 400 metres in Victoria she went on a lap of honour with two flags intertwined and the world took notice.

Arthur Tunstall, who was more "Empire" than "Commonwealth" and who was 16 at the time of the 1938 Games, was outraged by Freeman's actions.

In his role as Australia's Chef de Mission he ordered the athletics team officials to inform Freeman not to display the Aboriginal flag after future events, or she would be sent home.

Freeman won the 200m too - and again paraded both flags.

Tunstall reprimanded Freeman and there was a huge public debate back home.

It was Tunstall who took a pasting, not Freeman.

Even Paul Keating, the Australian Prime Minister, said: "The Games revealed that the overall sentiment of Australians is for the reconciliation of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians."

Freeman mostly kept a dignified silence, but she did say it was the highlight of her athletic career at that point in her life and she wanted to encourage young Aboriginals "to achieve something".

Her pride in both her flags made such an impression that at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games Australia's Aboriginal culture was a key theme.

And who was chosen to light the flame at the Opening Ceremony? Cathy Freeman – who then raced to a famous victory in the 400m.

After her retirement from athletics in 2003 - the year after she won another sprint relay gold at the Manchester 2002 Commonwealth Games - she founded the Cathy Freeman Foundation.

It works with remote communities to close the gap in education between indigenous and non-indigenous Australian children.

Whether any of it would have happened if Stephen had not won Commonwealth Games gold on the weightlifting platform in Auckland in 1990 is impossible to say.

But winning his country's first gold medal in any sport certainly helped - and it led to a public holiday being declared back in Nauru, the tiny Pacific island whose population was 10,000 at the time and is not many more now.

Nauru was known only for one thing in the decades after it gained independence in 1968 and that was guano, the phosphate deposits from bird droppings that had accumulated over millions of years.

For many years after Stephen's victory in the 60 kilograms class snatch - the first of seven Commonwealth Games golds between 1990 and 1998 - it was also known for producing weightlifters, and weightlifting remains Nauru's most popular sport to this day.

Stephen won seven Commonwealth Games golds and five silvers between 1990 and 2002, plus a silver at the World Championships in 1999.

He started a boom in popularity for a sport that had not existed in Nauru before.

"It was incredible," said his coach Paul Coffa, who quit as Australian national coach and moved to Nauru in the 1990s to set up the famous Oceania Weightlifting Institute.

"You just could not believe that while you drove around the island you would see young kids on the sidewalk, in their front gardens, with broomsticks practicing the snatch, and the clean and jerk."

In 1998, the year when Juan Antonio Samaranch, then President of the International Olympic Committee, flew to the island, Nauru had more lifters registered in international competition than China and Russia.

Before Stephen took up the sport, when he was studying in Melbourne, there was no such thing as weightlifting in Nauru.

When Coffa first met and worked with Stephen, who was a teenager at the time, he assumed he was Australian.

Stephen, like many teenagers from Nauru, had been sent to Geelong, near Melbourne, for his education.

He was among the school's best at cricket, rugby and Aussie Rules, but Coffa made sure he focused just on weightlifting.

Nauru had no membership of the Commonwealth Games Federation until three days before the 1990 Games in Auckland, when Stephen was cleared to lift.

He was ranked fourth or fifth and did not expect to win a medal.

"When I won a gold and two silvers it was a real shock," he said.

"Even so, I was still disappointed.

"I'd have won all three golds if I'd made my last lift in the clean and jerk.

"I told myself I'd definitely win all three in four years'time."

He did.

Stephen went into politics when he retired from weightlifting after the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, where he won three silvers.

He worked for Nauru's national bank before becoming an MP in 2003 and, four years later, President for a four-year term.

Stephen met President Barack Obama and his wife, Michelle, on one of his official visits to the US.

He spoke at the United Nations and international forums, negotiated foreign policy and aid and wrote on climate change for the New York Times.

"Sport gave me confidence to take on the big challenges," he said.

Weightlifting is still his great love.

He is President of the Oceania Weightlifting Federation and sits on the Board of the International Weightlifting Federation.

"Rejoice with me, oh ye sports lovers of Nigeria," wrote a special correspondent after Ifeajuna had won the high jump.

"Who among our people did not weep for sheer joy when Nigeria came uppermost, beating all whites and blacks together?"

Ifeajuna was the first black African to win an individual gold medal in any sport at any major multi-sport Games.

No wonder he was given a hero's welcome when he returned home, and his picture adorned the cover of school exercise books throughout the land.

Ifeajuna would remain Nigeria's only gold medallist, in Commonwealth or Olympic sport, until 1966.

The next year, on September 25, 1967, he would be dead, shot by firing squad as a crowd of thousands watched.

He was no hero then, to those who hissed as he was tied to a stake.

But some historians have since taken a different view as they look back on the remarkable life, and death, of Emmanuel Ifeajuna.

Nigerians excelled in the high jump in the 1950s, when three of them finished in the top 20 at the Helsinki 1952 Olympic Games.

Ifeajuna was not a contender for the 1954 team for Vancouver until, as a 20-year-old outsider, he surprised everybody at the national championships with a jump of 6ft 5.5in and earned his place on the boat.

The high jump was on the first day and Ifeajuna wore only one shoe, on his left foot.

A correspondent wrote: "In his take-off stride his leading leg was flexed to an angle quite beyond anything ever seen but he retrieved position with a fantastic spring and soared upwards as if plucked by some external agency."

Ifeajuna cleared 6ft 8in to set a Games and British Empire record. That leap - just over 2.03 metres - would have been good enough for a silver medal in Helsinki two years earlier.

Soon after his return home, Ifeajuna's sporting career was finished - he was off to study at Ibadan University, he married a year later and then joined the army.

Why did the record-breaking champion stop competing?

"From October, 1954, when he enrolled at Ibadan, he never trained," said his old friend Chief Emeka Anyaoku, nearly 60 years later.

"He never had a coach - only his games master at grammar school - and there were no facilities at the university. He simply stopped.

"He seemed content with celebrating his gold medal.

"He was so gifted, he just did it all himself. Jumping barefoot, or with one shoe, was not unusual where we came from."

Anyaoku joined the Commonwealth Secretariat in 1966, the year when Ifeajuna and others led an attempted coup in Nigeria.

The coup attempt failed but Ifeajuna esacaped and would later return to fight in the Nigerian Civil War on the side of the secessionist state of Biafra.

Anyaoku rose to the highest office in the Commonwealth, secretary general, in 1990.

"I was devastated when I heard the news of the execution," he said.

Ifeajuna was all but written out of Nigeria's sporting history, but Anyaoku said: "The history of the civil war still evokes a two-sided argument.

"He is a hero to many people, though they would more readily talk about his gold medal than his involvement in the war.

"There are people who think he was unjustifiably executed and others who believe the opposite."

According to an official but disputed police report, Ifeajuna pulled the trigger when Nigeria's first Prime Minister, Tafawa Balewa, was shot and killed during the coup attempt.

Ifeajuna escaped to Ghana, dressed as a woman.

Twenty months later he was back, fighting for the persecuted Igbo people of eastern Nigeria in the civil war that broke out as a consequence of the coup attempt.

Ifeajuna and three fellow officers were accused by their own leader, General Emeka Ojukwu, of plotting against him and the breakaway Republic of Biafra.

They denied charges of treason and said they were trying to save lives and their country by negotiating an early ceasefire with the Federal Government and reuniting Nigeria.

They failed, and they were all executed.